Stem Lists

Salish Nicodemus English

ʔ ʕ č ǰ š ɫ ʷ ɛ ə ɔ · á é í ó ú
Ignore Vowels in Salish?

Reichard's Stem List

The stem list presented here was built by Gladys Reichard, and first published in 1939. The list is available in several forms. To access the list in a dictionary form, use the 'browse' or 'search' features above. Here you will see each stem as Reichard wrote it, and as it would be written using the 'Nicodemus' spelling system. The stems are presented in several groups - first the 'verbs', then 'adverbs, interjections, and conjunctions', and finally the 'nouns'. Within each group, stems are ordered alphabetically.

You can also view Reichard 1939 in its original form (as a pdf), or as a set of images that you can view in your browser.


Salish

Nicodemus

Verbs

a

acqaʔ atsqa' go out, singular and plural
ac'x̣ ats'qh look at
ayx̣ʷ(-t) ayqhw(-t) be tired
ax̣il aqhil do thus
aʕʷ a(w be much, many

ɛ/e

ɛpɫ epɫ there is, have
ɛw(-t) ew(-t) oppose
ɛm(-t) em(-t) share, feed
ɛm em one sits
ɛkʷn ekwn say, tell
ɛx-us ekh-us look for, hunt
ɛnis enis leave, set out, go away
ɛsil esil two
ɛčɛn' eche'n tie up sack
ɛngʷɛt engwet belong to
ɛčin echin do with, put, be the matter
ɛl el move body

i

ip' ip' wipe
im im try
im im gather together
id id exchange, barter
ingʷɛt ingwet be who, what
idxʷ idkhw be in form of cross
icč itsch play
igʷ igw set out for
tč'-i'gʷəl tch'-i'gwl climb
ixʷəl ikhwl be some
ilk'ʷ ilk'w store new acquisition
iɫn iɫn eat

u, ɔ/o

upən upn ten
us-əlš us-lsh dive from land (face in horseshoe curve)
uckʷ utskw bathe, person swims
ukʷ ukw carry, bring
ukʷt ukwt crawl
ɔqʷs oqws drink
ɔh-iʔt oh-i't have a cold
ɔr(-t) or(-t) be frozen stiff

b

bam bam be intoxicated, be versatile
bɛm bem buzz
bum bum speed (used of drunks)
buc buts be boots (Eng. used for rubber boots)
bam(u-) bam(u-) go fast and far

p

paʔax̣ pa'aqh think over (cp pax̣ be wise)
paw' pa'w drum on drum
patx̣ʷ patqhw burst forth (as oil, water, pus)
pas pas be astonished, bewildered, amaze, wonder
pas pas come to surface (cp. pas be astonished)
pan' pa'n be spouse
pax̣ paqh be wise, think, reflect - -t, tell myths
pax̣ paqh rub on rough surface (as strike match)
pax̣ʷ paqhw scatter, distribute in order
par par be white with powder
parq' parq' be curved
par'kʷ pa'rkw pierce
paʕʷ pa(w defecate
pɛw' pe'w drum on tin
pɛtqʷ petqw race
pɛst-ɛʔ pest-e' be half, one side
pɛn' pe'n bend, be bent
pɛy'-piy'(-t) pe'y-pi'y(-t) be delightful (cp. piy be happy)
pɛkʷ pekw lay pl. round objects
pɛxʷ pekhw get small catch of fish
pɛxʷ pekhw wind-blown
pɛq peq white, bleached, silver
tə-pɛx̣ʷ t-peqhw spit, saliva
pɛɫ peɫ be thick layer
pɛr'kʷ pe'rkw nail
pɛʕʷ pe(w be surplus, plus
piw' pi'w move in jerks
piw' pi'w be light in weight (perhaps same as preceding)
pis pis pl. objects are big
picxʷ(-t) pitskhw(-t) become angry with defeat or discouragement
piy piy be happy
pigʷ pigw swell, breathe
piɫ piɫ be scattered
pih pih rise to surface, separate (as cream)
puʔus pu'us swell, bubble, ferment
put-ɛʔ put-e' respect, honor, worship
pus(- -t) pus(- -t) be a nuisance
pus pus be engrossed in digestion
pə-pus-inč p-pus-inch be sad, sorry, mournful (seems not to be dim.)
puxʷ pukhw blow with mouth
puqʷ-ilš puqw-ilsh come to observe
pulut pulut kill, injure
pulk'ʷ pulk'w fold sheetlike object
puɫ puɫ foam (prog. dis.)
pɔs pos concentrate (also, 'comical' LN)
pəs-iš ps-ish gather wood (cp. pis pl. are large)

p'

p'aʔax̣ p'a'aqh heal, become well
p'at' p'at' pour mushy stuff, dream (prog. dis.)
p'ac' p'ats' squirt, defecate (prog. dis.)
p'aq'ʷ p'aq'w powder
p'ax̣ʷ-iʔt p'aqhw-i't cough
p'aɫq p'aɫq put away, pack up
p'ɛʔ p'e' squeeze in orgasm
p'ɛt p'et fall to ground of own weight (as grain)
p'ɛt' p'et' slip out of place
p'ɛn p'en pl. long objects lie
p'ɛt' p'et' be smooth
p'ey' p'e'y press, milk
p'ɛgʷ p'egw nag
p'ɛlč' p'elch' turn flat thing over (as body)
p'ɛr(-t) p'er(-t) flood, be in excess, overflow
p'iʔ p'i' crush by pressing
p'ic' p'its' push
p'iy' p'i'y squeeze
p'ixʷ(u-) p'ikhw(u-) be bright with own light, (- -t) be bright from reflection
p'ilč' p'ilch' turn round objects
p'iɫ p'iɫ persons sit
p'uʔut' p'u'ut' be greasy, oily
p'um p'um be mouse-colored
p'ut' p'ut' come to an end (as river, road, woods)
p'usq'ʷ p'usq'w crumple, collapse
p'uy' p'u'y be wrinkled
p'uɫ p'uɫ be poison ivy, use poison ivy
p'ɔc' p'ots' smash
p'əč'(u-) p'ch'(u-) shine, glitter
p'əl p'l turn (as eyelid)
p'əp'əl(u-) p'p'l(u-) smashed flat
p'əsaq'ʷ p'saq'w bone breaks

m

may may predict, foresee (with -qən voice)
may may be muddy
maq'ʷ maq'w pl. objects lie, pile
max̣ʷ maqhw cover with snow
mal'(-p) ma'l(-p) be uncomfortably warm (prog. dis.)
mal' ma'l come to boil (prog. dis.) (same as preceding?)
malq'ʷ(u-) malq'w(u-) be spherical, make into lump
maɫq maɫq heavy convex object collapses
mar-im mar-im treat for illness
markʷ-ɛʔ markw-e' season with food (as camas with blood)
me be undecided
mɛy(u-) mey(u-) be evident that, know, -p come to know
mɛy mey arrange
mɛy'(- -t) me'y(- -t) report
mɛc mets be dull
mɛc' mets' grease
mɛč' mech' be well-shaped (as workhorse)
mɛn' me'n rub
mɛxʷ(-t) mekhw(-t) laugh
mɛxʷ(-t) mekhw(-t) be in extreme agony
mɛlk'ʷ melk'w be whole, intact, complete
mɛlk'ʷ melk'w curdle
mɛɫ meɫ persons lie
mɛʕʷ me(w smash, ruin
mii mii discover, learn
mii(u-) mii(u-) be evident that not
miʔ(-t) mi'(-t) bore
miʔm mi'm send away, drive off
miʔt mi't be middle
min-s min-s turn face away
min' mi'n smear, paint
miy(u-) miy(u-) make clear, know (an idea)
miy miy be dignified
mik'ʷ mik'w snow
mixʷ mikhw hang in bunches (earth as it appears from sky)
milxʷ milkhw be naked
mil'xʷ mi'lkhw smoke tobacco
miɫ miɫ rest
mil' mi'l repair
mil' mi'l distribute (as food at feast)
mil' mi'l wait for
mil' mi'l be aimless
mum-šit mum-shit help with burden
mus mus fumble, feel about
mus mus four
mul mul be soil, dirt (prog. dis.)
mul mul dip up (prog. dis.)
mɔʔt mo't smoke (prog. dis.)
mɔq (- -t) moq be excitable
məntuw'-il'š mntu'w-i'lsh arrive at destination promptly

m'

m'iw 'miw cat meows

w

waʔax̣ wa'aqh smart (as mucus membrane or skin)
way way bother
wax̣ waqh brook murmurs
wax̣ waqh chap, (u-) having become chapped, (-t) inherently chapped, rough from chapping
wɛlč' welch' roll solid object
wiʔ wi' cry out, shout
wiʔp wi'p transform
wit wit be full of maggots
winš winsh dance wardance
wiš wish build, dwell, poles stand up
wih wih dog barks
wəx̣ʷ wqhw fire gets draft
wəl' w'l act unnatural, silly
w'ɛt(u-) 'wet(u-) be just outside door (probably dim. of gʷɛt[?])

d

daq' daq' peer through cracks
dax̣ daqh drive many, round up animals
daxʷ(-p) dakhw(-p) hard object breaks in pieces
dar dar pl. solid objects stand
dɛm dem be very old
dɛs des camp
dɛx̣ deqh round up
dɛx̣(-t) deqh(-t) pl. go, depart travel
dɛx̣ʷ deqhw lower, descend, dismount
dɛl' de'l lie down like animal
dik'ʷ dik'w cross
dik'ʷ-s dik'w-s turn about in going (cross face)
dilk'ʷ dilk'w cover entirely, conceal
diɫ diɫ rustle, shake
duʔukʷ du'ukw be stingy, grudge
dul dul sing warsong
dul' du'l run fast, pursue
dɔq'ʷ(-t) doq'w(-t) wood is rotten
dɔlq'ʷ dolq'w person is strong
dəlim dlim gallop go on fours

t

tam tam scorch, toast, singe (prog. dis)
tatq tatq hang strips of smoked fat
taqʷ taqw buy
taxʷ takhw twirl
taq taq touch, cover with hand
tax̣ taqh be bitter, sharp to taste
tal'q ta'lq touch with foot, step on, kick
tar tar untie, loosen
tar' ta'r be laid out in trails, have trails
tɛmxʷ temkhw tree is rotten
tɛwš tewsh go across
tɛwš-ɛ(čt) tewsh-e(cht) six
tɛd-əš ted-sh squirm
ten pull line, (u-) be tight, (- -t) (clothes) fit tight, (-p) become tight (as rawhide)
tɛn' te'n arranged in line
tɛs(-p) tes(-p) bulge
tɛgʷ tegw buy, sell
tɛgʷ tegw fail to reach
tɛkʷ tekw be stuffy (devoid of air), (u-) room is close, (-p) choke, smother
tɛxʷ tekhw add to a store
tɛq teq use sharp practise, cheat
tɛx̣ʷ(u-) teqhw(u-) stop shaking
tɛx̣ʷ teqhw one stops
tɛl(-p) tel(-p) soft object breaks off
tɛɫ(u-) teɫ(u-) be straight, u-tɛ́ɫt, go directly
tiʔ ti' pound, hit
tiʔi ti'i bump
tiʔɫ ti'ɫ one flies
tim' ti'm use
tim' ti'm ground is clear of snow
tiw-ɛʔ tiw-e' indulge
tiy'-ɛqʷ(-t) ti'y-eqw(-t) fight
tikʷ tikw suspect, smell out
tixʷ tikhw collect, gather, secure
tilp tilp break up
tiɫ(-t) tiɫ(-t) brushy objects sprawl
tu tu crowd, swarm
tup tup cool
tum tum pump, suck through tube
tuw' tu'w stuff
tuc(u-) tuts(u-) be wellfed
tukʷ tukw beat, tick
tɔr tor be tough (as meat, leather)
tɔr tor stretch out, extend (as hand)
tɔr-s tor-s beckon with eye
twip'(-t) twip'(-t) step over obstruction
twel-ac twel-ats aim, point long thing at
tqus tqus be defeated, fire goes out
tʕim(-t) t(im(-t) shout
tʕɛh-im t(eh-im give warwhoop, yell

t'

t'ap t'ap shoot (prog. dis.)
t'apq t'apq stick pinlike object in
t'am' t'a'm make damp, lick, kiss
t'as t'as be thin, skinny
t'asq t'asq be weary with waiting
t'aq t'aq bushy stuff lies
t'aq-t t'aq-t birds return from migration
t'ax̣(u-) t'aqh(u-) be swift
t'ax̣tš t'aqhtsh be unbearable
t'aq'ʷ t'aq'w slap
t'alq'ʷ-s t'alq'w-s egg or eye bursts
t'alq' t'alq' take out (as from the mouth or container)
t'ɛp t'ep pl. stop
t'ɛm(u-,-t) t'em(u-,-t) be damp
t'ɛm t'em cut with scissors
t'ɛm' t'e'm cut cloth by sliding scissors through
t'ɛš(-t) t'esh(-t) be sweet
t'ɛǰ t'ej pour liquid
t'ɛkʷ t'ekw pl. cry out, make noise like colt
t'ɛkʷ(u-) t'ekw(u-) be watertight
t'ɛkʷ-s t'ekw-s bleed
t'ɛk'ʷ t'ek'w one lies
t'ɛk'ʷ t'ek'w be lighted
t'ɛxʷ t'ekhw pl. die, kill pl.
t'ɛq'ʷ(u-) t'eq'w(u-) go off, explode
t'ɛl' t'e'l tear, rip
t'im t'im shake hands
t'im' t'i'm tear cloth from bolt
t'id-ɛm t'id-em frail, fragile
t'ic' t'its' smooth by rubbing
t'iš t'ish be sweetened
t'ič t'ich protrude
t'ič' t'ich' provide food for travel
t'ikʷ(-t) t'ikw(-t) be told, (- -t) parents
t'ixʷ-əl t'ikhw-l be different, abnormal
t'um t'um smirk, mouth in sucking position
t'um' t'u'm pipelike, hollow tube
t'uw'ɛnt t'u'went be very low (dim. of gʷɛnt)
t'uk'ʷ t'uk'w be uneven like roots pushing up ground
t'uxʷ(-t) t'ukhw(-t) one wades
t'uxʷ-ilš t'ukhw-ilsh one jumps off of
t'ɔɫ t'oɫ be lumpy, sticky with mud
t'ul' t'u'l decent, real, human, trained, refined, civilized
t'ul' t'u'l get acquainted, have poise, be approachable, well to do
t'ɔxʷ t'okhw fear supernatural (witch) power
t'ɔqʷ t'oqw have power, succeed in everything
t'əšsɔʔ t'shso' sneeze
t'əxup t'khup win, earn
t'əqʷ t'qw team up, marry
t'ɛp t'ep jump aside
t'ək'ʷip t'k'wip start to
t'əq'ʷ t'q'w put out light

n

nas(u-) nas(u-) wet
naq naq be satiated with food
naq' naq' organic substance is rotten
naq'ʷ naq'w steal
neʔkʷun ne'kun think
nɛpt nept pl. enter
nɛk'ʷ-ɛʔ nek'w-e' one
nɛq'(u-) neq'(u-) be sticky
nɛr ner paint
niw'(-t) ni'w(-t) wind blows
nič nich protect
nič' nich' cut with blade
nik'ʷ nik'w be tribe
nuxʷ(-t) nukhw(-t) frog swims
nɔc nots tender, soft (as meat, rubber)

n'

n'ax̣ʷ(-t) 'naqhw(-t) downstream
n'-id 'n-id exchange, trade, pay for
n'uɫxʷ 'nuɫkhw one enters
n'n'ɔy'-ɛʔ 'n'no'y-e' weak (dim)

s

saʔax̣ sa'aqh dissolve
san'(-t) sa'n(-t) tame (prog, dis.), (-p) be drowsy
saq' saq' gape, split in two
sax̣ saqh hew, whittle
saʕʷ sa(w flow, (-p) leak
sɛtč setch twist solid object (as vine, wire)
sɛgʷɛt segwet who?
sɛxʷ sekhw carry on back
sɛxʷq sekhwq splash
sɛx̣ʷ(u-,-t) seqhw(u-,-t) sound of cracking timbers
sɛl sel turn, spin in eye, turn swiftly
sii-siyus sii-siyus astute, canny, capable, clever, cautious, competent, diligent, discerning, enterprising, prudent, sagacious, shrewed, skillful, successful, intelligent, resourceful, adaptable
sip'-ɛy' sip'-e'y be buckskin
sidəst sidst night passes, spend night
sic sits be new
sic' sits' be blanket, be blanketed
siy siy exert (see sii-siyus)
siy siy cut and gather cedarbark
sigʷ sigw ask for
sixʷ sikhw pour solid objects or liquid
sil sil turn, cause dizziness
sum' su'm smell at, sniff
suʔut' su'ut' stretch
suk'ʷ suk'w float with current
suxʷ(-t) sukhw(-t) be acquainted with, know
suxʷ-əlš sukhw-lsh fish dives
sul(u-) sul(u-) be cold (as body, stove, iron, corpse), (-t) be cold (as body, things in refrigerator)
səlup slup spin of itself, set self spinning
səls-us sls-us houses blow down
swiʔ swi' be handsome, beautiful (of persons only)
slip' slip' be wood

c/ts

cas(-t) tsas(-t) be long slender, be fine
cap' tsap' girls 'snap' eyes to show contempt
caq tsaq solid object stands upright
caqip tsaqip follow
caqʷ tsaqw long object slips into hollow object
cax̣ʷ tsaqhw increase as by saving
calxʷ (calx̣ʷ) tsalkhw claw, dig, dig claws in
caʕ tsa( scream, shriek with pain
caʕʷ tsa(w fringe
cɛtxʷ tsetkhw be house
cɛč tsech thunder strikes
cɛgʷ tsegw be feather
cɛgʷ tsegw behave, have character
cɛk'ʷ tsek'w drag, pull
cɛxʷ tsekhw pet
cɛʔxʷ tse'khw caress
cɛxʷ tsekhw peel bark off twig
cɛqʷ tseqw be bright pink (color of tamarack wood)
cɛls tsels sound guilty
ciʔ tsi' there near second person
ciʔxʷ tsi'khw pl. wade, enter water
ciw' tsi'w be youngest child
cis tsis be made long and slender
ciš tsish be long, tall
ciš(u-) tsish(u-) be heated
cik'ʷ tsik'w cause blurry look
cil tsil five
cih tsih be next to move
cum tsum be surfeited with fat
cuw' tsu'w punch
cun tsun point, show
cun-čt tsun-cht seven
cus tsus snake rattles
cuy'(u-, -t) tsu'y(u-, -t) be chilly, make gooseflesh
cɔʔt tso't sob (prog. dis.)
cəcɛ: tstse leave alone, unharmed
cəcɛm'-ɛʔ tstse'm-e' pl. are small
cəkʷigʷ(-t) tskwigw(-t) see dimly, be indistinct to sight

c'/ts'

c'ap'q' ts'ap'q' adhere, stick to (as glue)
c'am ts'am be nearly pointed (as football, or lemon)
c'aw(u-) ts'aw(u-) be dry, boring, washed out (lit. soaked out)
c'aw' ts'a'w wash
c'aw'q ts'a'wq pull out solid object (as nail out of board)
c'aq' ts'aq' be bunched, clumped
c'ax̣ʷ ts'aqhw choose
c'ax̣ʷ ts'aqhw promise
c'al-alqʷ ts'al-alqw play stickgame (c'al one person stands; -alqʷ long object)
c'alx̣ʷ ts'alqhw claw, dig claws in
c'ar ts'ar be ill, hurt, ache
c'ar(-t) ts'ar(-t) feel cold to touch (stove, ice)
c'ɛp' ts'ep' lightproof
c'ɛs ts'es collect by pecking, salvage
c'ɛsp ts'esp annihilate, destroy, consume, use up
c'ɛč ts'ech count, number
c'ɛk'ʷ(u-) ts'ek'w(u-) be stiff (as bones)
c'ɛx̣ ts'eqh fry
c'ɛqʷ ts'eqw butcher
c'ɛx̣ʷ ts'eqhw spark
c'ɛl ts'el one stands
c'ɛl' ts'e'l pl. long objects project, stand up
c'ɛl'(u-) ts'e'l(u-) fear fierce one, (- -t) one is fierce
c'ip' ts'ip' pinch fine
c'im ts'im grab handful
c'ic' ts'its' pinch skin together
c'ič ts'ich be prickly, (u-) be rough like file
c'iy' ts'i'y be right side
c'ikʷ-ɛʔ ts'ikw-e' be left side
c'ixʷ ts'ikhw prepare chips by peeling and tying
c'iɫ(u-) ts'iɫ(u-) weather is cool
c'il' ts'i'l be outline, shadow
c'uʔum ts'u'um cry, weep
c'ul' ts'u'l break sad news, report death
c'ɔm' ts'o'm suck on solid object
c'ɔr ts'or be sour
c'əm ts'm press make tight (cp. c'am)
c'əkʷin ts'kwin run
c'uq'un ts'uq'un pronounce

š/sh

šap shap tear meat from bone
šašagʷ(-t) shashagw(-t) be sharp
šar shar use no energy, (u-) be inefficient, (-t) be idle
šar shar be difficult, disobedient, annoying
šar shar one hangs
šarč sharch be troublesome
šɛp shep discriminate, select, sift
šɛm shem be in between
šɛt shet tease
šɛt' shet' beat in contest, level
šɛt' shet' one long object projects
šɛt' shet' take care of
šɛt' shet' surround by enemy
šɛn shen labor
šɛn' she'n one flat object lies
šɛs shes be doubtful about, ignorant of, refuse to believe in
šɛc shets dig in ground
šɛc' shets' wait
šɛc'(u-) shets'(u-) be firm, solid, permanent
šɛč' shech' wait (perhaps the last three are the same)
šɛl shel chop, split
šɛlč shelch move in a circle
šiʔ shi' be fastidious
šiʔt shi't be first, oldest
šip(-t) ship(-t) be slow, deliberate in action
šip ship complete task
šip ship possess without interference
šim' shi'm benefit
šiw' shi'w be girl
šiɫ(u-) shiɫ(u-) fit, be exact, correct
šəšəl'(u-) shsh'l(u-) be very fine

j

ǰar' ja'r be firm, strong
ǰɛm jem pin, brace
ǰɛy'ǰiy'(-t) je'yji'y(-t) be ugly, homely, unsightly
ǰax̣ jaqh mark by scratching
častq chastq dig camas
čay(u-) chay(u-) one is enduring, solid form
čarq charq hang on with arm, deter
čɛm' che'm take hold of pl. object
čɛn' che'n take hold of large object
čɛn'šit che'nshit help
čɛn'xʷ che'nkhw hit person with slight touch, bump into
čɛš chesh accompany
čɛgʷ chegw extend
čɛl chel await eagerly, anxiously
čɛl' che'l cough up
čɛɫ cheɫ separate, divorce, part
čiʔ chi' open, uncover, unveil
čiʔɫɛs chi'ɫes three
čip chip soften
čim' chi'm disdain,turn away from
čic chits arrive
čic chits find
čigʷ chigw go out onto prairie
čiɫ chiɫ give
čil' chi'l nauseate
čuc chuts be light person, behave affectedly
čəp(u-) chp(u-) be unexpectedly soft
čəšip chship chase
čəčaʕ' chcha(' be slender and cylindrical
čəčip chchip be soft and smooth (like fur)
čəčmin chchmin throw one object
čəɫip chɫip hunt big game
čəpxʷ chpkhw snap with finger

č'/ch'

č'at(u-) ch'at(u-) tick, beat
č'ax̣ʷ ch'aqhw shove, move to one side
č'ar ch'ar cut flimsy object with shears
č'ar ch'ar animal swims
č'ar ch'ar band lies without exerting pressure
č'aʔš ch'a'sh condescend
č'ɛp'xʷ ch'ep'khw clip, click
č'ɛm ch'em be surface
č'ɛm' ch'e'm be dark (as night)
č'ɛw ch'ew be depressing
č'ɛw' ch'e'w be large cylinder shaped
č'ɛd ch'ed shade
č'ɛt' ch'et' cut off completely
č'ɛnp' ch'enp' clasp, encircle
č'ɛn' ch'e'n one round object lies
č'ɛs(-t) ch'es(-t) be bad
č'ɛc' ch'ets' one long object lies
č'ɛc ch'ets be stupid
č'ɛxʷ ch'ekhw peck at hard object (as woodpecker)
č'ɛx̣ ch'eqh rub against as 'move aside'
č'ɛl ch'el be bark
č'ɛlxʷ(x̣ʷ) ch'elkhw(qhw) be concave
č'aʕʷ ch'a(w pray
č'ip' ch'ip' pinch
č'im ch'im grab-some
č'id(u-) ch'id(u-) be shadowy
č'it-ɛʔ ch'it-e' be near
č'in' ch'i'n be dangerous
č'ixʷ ch'ikhw lean
č'ih ch'ih approach, get near
ču chu be absent, gone, missing, empty
č'əčɛn'-ɛʔ ch'che'n-e' one is small
č'ət'(u-) ch't'(u-) be brown
č'əp'xʷ(u-) ch'p'khw(u-) it went click
č'əxʷ ch'khw retire from pursuit (prog. dis.)

y

yanuq'ʷ yanuq'w snake is coiled
yac'(u-) yats'(u-) be tight (as belt or rope) (prog. dis.)
yaq' yaq' file, whet
yar yar hooplike object rolls
yar yar be torch
yarp' yarp' loop lies
yark'ʷ yark'w be curved, crooked
yaʕ ya( lack, need, be scarce
yaʕ ya( assemble, be many, gather, crowd
yaʕ ya( be shy, timid, uncertain, hesitant
yɛʔ ye' procure game
yɛp' yep' sway, rock
yɛm yem be silent
yɛm yem earn, score
yɛtkʷ yetkw wood is rotten
yɛnp' yenp' clamp screw
yɛl'xʷ ye'lkhw cover with material
yim' yi'm trap by surrounding
yit' yit' stir (as mush)
yil' yi'l defense is approached
yirk'ʷ yirk'w be curved
yih yih be calm, quiet
yuc' yuts' be beaver castoreum
yəcɔp ytsop shaking object becomes firm
yəʕʷpiy'igʷt y(wpi'yigwt be able, capable, dependable, reasonable, willing
yuqʷ yuqw pretend
yɔqʷ yoqw pretend with something (to do something)

y'

y'aʕ'pqin'ʷ 'ya('pqi'n be many, much
y'ɔqʷ 'yoqw tell lie

gʷ/gw

gum gum crumble, be crummy
gʷaq gwaq be roomy
gʷaq' gwaq' spread apart as to part hair, remove layers
gʷax̣(-t) gwaqh(-t) be young
gʷalq' gwalq' uncover pit over
gʷar gwar scrape
gʷar' gwa'r be silvery, clear
gʷɛp gwep be hairy, grassy
gʷɛt'č gwet'ch' prong, gore
gʷɛš gwesh comb
gʷičt gwicht see
gʷɛn gwen be below, deep, low
gʷɛs gwes spin, twist thread
gʷɛy' gwe'y finish
gʷɛxʷ gwekhw pl. objects hang
gʷɛl gwel burn blaze
gʷɛl' gwe'l tilt
gʷiw gwiw wear in shreds
gʷis gwis be high
gʷic' gwits' pick out with stick
gʷiš gwish be weir
gʷič' gwich' be kindling
gʷigʷɛp gwigwep step back
gʷil gwil trust
gʷɔq gwoq make way through crowd
gʷənit gwnit call, summon
gʷənixʷ gwnikhw be true
gʷəɫ gwɫ twinkle

kʷ/kw

kus(u-, -t) kus(u-, -t) be frisky, skittish, shy, timid
kus kus be curly
kul kul lend
kulsɛc kulsets hire
kuɫ kuɫ borrow
kʷar kwar be yellow
kʷɛl' kwe'l be hot, sunny, warm
kʷiʔc kwi'ts early in morning, be dusk
kʷin kwin take hold of one small object
kʷin kwin sing (with hən-)
kʷis(-t) kwis(-t) be named
kʷigʷ(-t) kwigw(-t) see faintly
kʷil kwil become red
kʷəl kwl be red

k'ʷ/k'w

k'us k'us be easily split
k'usčɛʔ k'usche' haunt, ghost
k'ul' k'u'l do, make fix
k'ʷax̣ k'waqh be claw
k'ʷɛɫ k'weɫ tickle
k'ʷɛɫš k'weɫsh shy at
k'ʷaʕ k'wa( slide, slip, skid
k'ʷɛt' k'wet' expose, be evident, plain
k'ʷiʔ k'wi' bite
k'ʷiy' k'wi'y easy, quietly, still
k'ʷit' k'wit' take off clothes
k'ʷinš k'winsh how many?
k'ʷin' k'wi'n try choose, consider, examine

xʷ/khw

xui khui go
xup(u-) khup(u-) increase magically
xup(u-) khup(u-) show off
xups khups slap with tail
xum' khu'm be homesick for, be lonely
xus khus arouse
xul khul bore hole
xuɫ khuɫ proceed to
xʷam khwam be roan color
xʷar khwar tremble, quiver
xʷar khwar a very long time
xʷɛp khwep spread, flatten out blanket
xʷɛd khwed itch
xʷɛt khwet be exhausted, come to end
xʷɛt' khwet' move hurriedly
xʷɛt'k'ʷ khwet'k'w rise suddenly (like hair or wire)
xʷɛc khwets suffer
xʷəxʷɛy'ɛʔ khwkhwe'ye' be narrow
xʷɛk'ʷ khwek'w clean, sweep
xʷɛl khwel clean material like moss, cotton
xʷɛl khwel be alive, live
xʷɛl' khwe'l set to spinning (as a top)
xʷɛʕ-əš khwe(-sh step over a person ceremonially
xʷiʔ khwi' here at this moment
xʷiʔt khwi't attack, abuse with words or act
xʷit khwit entertain, amuse
xʷiʔn khwi'n go along here
xʷis(-t) khwis(-t) one travels, goes about
xʷəxʷic khwkhwits be short
xʷic' khwits' point toward
xʷic' khwits' be helper to
xʷik'ʷ(-t) khwik'w(-t) be frosty

q

qaqs qaqs serenade, sing war song
qax̣ qaqh make x̣ sound
qɛp qep pad
qɛm qem be home
qɛm qem be unconcerned, pay no attention
qɛm qem have cramp
qɛs qɛs scratch with nails
qɛc qets shrink in quantity
qɛq qeq cackle
qɛl(u-) qel(u-) be fresh
qɛɫ qeɫ be awake
qɛɫ qeɫ overcome great resistance, lift, succeed at what seems impossible
qiʔxʷ qi'khw smell, have odor
qigʷ qigw dig roots
qixʷ qikhw forbid, prevent from
qiltč qiltch be inland
qiɫ(-t) qiɫ(-t) wake up
qum' qu'm be dim, gray
quɫ(u-) quɫ(u-) be dusty
qɔqʷ qoqw be mouldy

q'

q'aq'am'iy''ɛʔ q'aq'a'mi'y'e' fish
q'anc-iš q'ants-ish struggle for one's life (as in fire)
q'ɛpqʷ q'epqw trap in crotch
q'ɛm q'em desire, covet, long for
q'ɛm q'em swallow
q'ɛw q'ew break stiff object
q'ɛdɛm q'edem refuse, be balky
q'ɛt'p q'et'p go up incline
q'ɛsp q'esp be long time, long ago
q'ɛc' q'ets' braid, intertwine, weave, knit
q'ɛy' q'e'y be variegated, spotted
q'ɛy' q'e'y make pattern, write, design, take picture
q'ɛxʷ q'ekhw be proud
q'ɛx̣ q'eqh be frugal, grudging
q'ɛxʷ q'ekhw be lustful, have desire
q'ɛl q'el swing
q'ɛl'xʷ q'e'lkhw hook over, into
q'iʔ q'i' stick to, wedge into
q'iʔc' q'i'ts' vegetation grows
q'iw q'iw witch
q'iy' q'i'y cleft
q'əq'ixʷɛʔ q'q'ikhwe' few
q'up'(-t) q'up'(-t) rain
q'ut' q'ut' be woven, knitted
q'uc q'uts be fat
q'ul' q'u'l produce

x̣/qh

x̣aʔm qha'm monster
x̣ax̣an'ut qhaqha'nut nine
x̣ac qhats bet
x̣ac'(u-) qhats'(u-) be queer
x̣ay'əš qha'ysh avenge
x̣ay'xiy' qha'ykhi'y one is large
x̣aq' qhaq' pay, reward
x̣al qhal redhot
x̣aɫ qhaɫ scare
x̣al qhal spy
x̣aʕ qha( fan
x̣ɛp qhep pile flat objects
x̣ɛp' qhep' button, fasten together, sew
x̣ɛm qhem bite
x̣ɛm qhem be heavy
x̣ɛmɛncɔtən qhementsotn leave one's own people, go to live with in-laws (prog. dis.)
̣ɛminč qheminch like, love
x̣ɛmc qhemts shave hair
x̣ɛt qhet punish
x̣ɛt qhet club
x̣ɛt' qhet' gnaw, eat close, graze
x̣ɛs qhes be well, be good
x̣ɛc qhets be ready, clothed, get ready
x̣ɛcut qhetsut be companion to
x̣ɛc'(u-) qhets'(u-) arouse curiosity
x̣ɛy qhey be left over
x̣ɛl qhel lay evenly (as lumber)
x̣ɛl qhel be clear, bright, light
x̣ɛʕigʷ(-t) qhe(igw(-t) be full of holes so air can pass through
x̣ip qhip gnaw to destroy (as beaver, mouse, squirrel)
x̣iw qhiw be shy, timid, ashamed, embarrassed
x̣iw' qhi'w be raw (uncooked)
x̣it qhit be corrugated marked
x̣ic qhits threaten with hand
x̣iy qhiy gray (as horse)
x̣il qhil lick from (as salt from ground)
x̣iɫ qhiɫ fear
x̣iɫ qhiɫ leave, desert
x̣us qhus foam (like beer)
x̣ɔlq'ʷ qholq'w wind string evenly

qʷ/qw

qʷaʔqʷɛʔl qwa'qwe'l speak, talk
qʷam qwam be pleasant, comfortable, fascinating, pleasing
qʷay qway joke, talk backward
qʷɛʔ qwe' continue with
qʷɛm' qwe'm ignore, be oblivious to
qʷɛs(u-) qwes(u-) blur, be foolish
qʷɛy' qwe'y be poor, pitiable, pity
qʷɛl' qʷɛl' be livid, bluish, angry
qʷɛʕʷ(u-) qwe(w(u-) be insane, drunk, foolish, irresponsible
qʷɛl' qwe'l enkindle, light
qʷiʔ qwi' be hollow
qʷiʔ qwi' be accustomed to
qʷin qwin be blue
qʷic qwits be warm
qʷiy(u-) qwiy(u-) have plenty
qʷiy'(-t) qwi'y(-t) have pity for
qʷil qwil cheat
qʷil' qwi'l kindle, light, make fire
qʷil' qwi'l starve
qʷun(u-) qwun(u-) be blue, green

q'ʷ/q'w

q'us q'us be gathered, wrinkled
q'ʷal(-t) q'wal(-t) be black from burning
q'ʷɛd q'wed be black
q'ʷɛn'p' q'we'np' go out of sight, disappear
q'ʷɛs q'wes be wrinkled, shriveled
q'ʷɛc q'wets pl. are enduring, solid, firm
q'ʷɛy' q'we'y bounce, dance
q'ʷɛy' q'we'y wring, choke
q'ʷɛl q'wel cook, burn
q'ʷɛɫ q'weɫ have endurance, be long-winded
q'ʷid q'wid make black, blacken
q'ʷiʔɫ q'wi'ɫ move camp, village travels
q'ʷic'(-t) q'wits'(-t) be full
q'ʷiɫ q'wiɫ be enduring, persevering (in general sense)
q'ʷih q'wih be black (in describing person)
q'ʷəd(u-) q'wd(u-) be black (of horses)
q'ʷəliw q'wliw bear picks berries

x̣ʷ/qhw

x̣up qhup be inefficient, careless
x̣ʷad qhwad be comical, be amused, laugh
x̣ʷat qhwat cut in two
x̣ʷaq'ʷ qhwaq'w divide, separate
x̣ʷaɫ qhwaɫ dart
x̣ʷɛn(u-) qhwen(u-) hurry to get at
x̣ʷɛc qhwets pass by
x̣ʷɛq'ʷ qhweq'w grind meal
x̣ʷic qhwits crop hair
x̣ʷiɫ qhwiɫ hurry at something

l

laʔax̣̣ʷ la'aqhw be daytime, morning, tomorrow
laq laq pull out plants
laq' laq' pare, peel
laqʷ laqw store hanging (as tallow in paunch)
laq'ʷ laq'w be able
lax̣ʷ laqhw pl. round objects lie
lɛp'x̣ʷ lep'qhw fit into (as ball and socket)
lɛǰ(-p) lej(-p) stab
lɛǰ lej sting
lɛč' lech' bind
lɛč' lech' pl. are fierce
lɛkʷ lekw be far
lɛxʷ(-p) lekhw(-p) hurt
lɛxʷ lekhw perforate, be hole
laq' laq' search for
lax̣ laqh lighten, be electric
lax̣(-t) laqh(-t) be friend
lɛq' leq' bury
lɛʕʷ le(w draw on, make fit
liš lish be hilly, mountain
liʔlɛʔ(-t) li'le'(-t) pl. fly
lim(-t) lim(-t) be glad, thankful, pleased
ligʷ(-t) ligw(-t) snare, catch in trap
lup lup be dry, thirsty
lut lut be mischievous, not, negative
luk'ʷ nluk'w pull, pick off strings, fuzz

ɫ

ɫac ɫats one drop falls
ɫapx̣ ɫapqh be slightly skinned
ɫay ɫay make dirty marks, scribble
ɫaxʷ ɫakhw wear, draw on
ɫaq ɫaq be serviceberry, do with serviceberry
ɫaq ɫaq mend, patch
ɫaqiʔ ɫaqi' pl. lower, fall, dismount
ɫaq' ɫaq' be wide
ɫaq' ɫaq' person lies on stomach, crouch
ɫaqʷ ɫaqw band used with pressure, belt
ɫaqʷ ɫaqw store hanging, hang on line
ɫaq'ʷ ɫaq'w skin, pull off
ɫax̣ʷ ɫaqhw move with weight and speed
ɫax̣ʷp ɫaqhwp escape
ɫax̣ʷp' ɫaqhwp' rush
ɫax̣ʷq' ɫaqhwq' foot slips
ɫaʕʷ(u-) ɫa(w(u-) be slippery (as ice)
ɫɛʔɛn ɫe'en be on opposite side
ɫɛp ɫep be difficult but possible of achievement, be disgusting
ɫɛp'(u-) ɫep'(u-) be undaunted
ɫɛp' ɫep' stripe, mark, make welt
ɫɛm' ɫe'm apologize
ɫɛtq' ɫetq' splash, drops hit surface
ɫɛt' ɫet' one jumps
ɫɛc ɫets flat objects lie
ɫɛč' ɫech' string breaks
ɫɛk'ʷ ɫek'w pierce with fine-pointed object, fork, barb, spike
ɫɛxʷ ɫekhw draw together, slip on
ɫɛxʷ ɫekhw sew
ɫɛq' ɫeq' make impound, round up animals
ɫɛl ɫel sprinkle
ɫɛʕ ɫe( skate, slide on ice
ɫiʔ ɫi' be close to edge, be border
ɫip' ɫip' make striped (?)
ɫit' ɫit' sprinkle ceremonially
ɫit' ɫit' pl. jump off of, out of
ɫitk'ʷ ɫitk'w pl. objects jerk into different position
ɫis ɫis measure, weigh
ɫəɫiy' ɫɫi'y spotted
ɫəɫikʷ(u-) ɫɫikw(u-) be speckled, small-spotted
ɫik'ʷ ɫik'w hairlike object breaks
ɫil ɫil sprinkle
ɫuʔ ɫu' be there near third person
ɫuʔum ɫu'um be in opposite direction
ɫuc' ɫuts' pl. sticklike objects break
ɫukʷ(u-) ɫukw(u-) be stained with blood
ɫuk'ʷ ɫuk'w recall, remember
ɫɔmɛn' ɫome'n scold
ɫɔq' ɫoq' be bald, bare

l' (derivative)

l'əl'ič 'l'lich be thin slice
l'əl'ax̣ 'l'laqh lighten

ʕ/(

ʕaw (aw drop
ʕax̣ (aqh wrap string evenly
ʕɛm(-t) (em(-t) melt, dissolve, waste away
ʕɛc (ets tie
ʕɛc' (ets' play out, wear out, become exhausted
ʕɛc'xʷ (ets'khw be worn out, tired
ʕɛc'xʷ (ets'khw be hungry for meat, surfeited with vegetable food
ʕɛy (ey be embittered
ʕɛy' (e'y be angry
ʕɛl' (e'l obstruct, cover
ʕipəlš (iplsh person hides
ʕid (id glow, become redhot
ʕic' (its' be persistent, tenacious, strive
ʕigʷ (igw throw pl. objects
ʕus(-t) (us(-t) be lost
ʕuy (uy coax, urge
ʕuy (uy waste, be extravagant
ʕuy-čt (uy-cht mistreat old or helpless

ʕʷ/(w

ʕʷax̣ʷ (waqhw stringlike object extends
ʕʷaʔ (wa' reach into
ʕʷɛm'(-t) (we'm(-t) be enjoyable, wholesome
ʕʷɛl (wel dunk, dip to soak
ʕʷɛl-ɛʔl (wel-e'l come to a lake
ʕʷɛɫ(u-) (weɫ(u-) be of one piece
ʕʷi'-əlš (wi'-lsh vomit
ʕʷim (wim enjoy, relish
ʕʷimiš (wimish hurry on while moving
ʕʷits (wits smile, smirk

h

ha ha laugh loudly, haw-haw
haq haq be space
har har snore
hɛʔin' he'i'n eight
hɛp hep gobble
hɛn hen be grayish in color
hɛʕʷ he(w growl like bear
hičɛʔ hiche' where?
hɔi hoi cease
hʕʷh h(wh frighten
Adverbs, Interjections, Conjunctions

a

a··· a··· with rising tone, oh!
a··· a··· with even tone, disapproval
ax̣iw'ɫ aqhi'wɫ now, today
uc'-ax̣íɫ uts'-aqhiɫ because
pinč or pintč pinch always
p'unal' p'una'l at least
mɛl' me'l on near, touching, in addition to
miyɛɫ miyeɫ too, very
wax̣əm' waqh'm I told you so
wihuʔ wihu' short distance
w'ɛmnús 'wemnus in vain, useless
w'im' 'wi'm very near, almost
dɛʔɛɫ de'eɫ exceptionally, surprisingly
tɛmíš temish just, only
twɛ twe with
tqiltč tqiltch inland (hence east)
nɛm'n'us ne'm'nus I don't know
caʔx̣alp'út tsa'qhalp'ut what's the use! (a very mean word)
cmiʔ tsmi' it was to be but is not
an-šarišíɫ an-sharishiɫ upstream
šiʔmiš shi'mish anywhere, at random
čən' ch'n interrogative
č'am' ch'a'm just
yɛm-p yem-p forever
kum' ku'm and
kukúkʷ kukukw in the other room
kʷəm'ɫ kw'mɫ immediately
k'ʷnɛʔ k'wne' future
k'uk'ʷn'íy'ɛʔ k'uk'w'ni'ye' in a short while
k'uk'ʷiʔɫ k'uk'wi'ɫ in a short time
xʷaʔaɫ khwa'aɫ almost
xʷəč'i khwch'i interjection of admiration "how nice it is!"
x̣umút qhumut of course, I suppose
x̣ɛ́mɛʔč qheme'ch just you dare!
x̣ɛl qhel also, likewise
x̣ɛlɛʔ qhele' might, used in sense of expecting something unfavorable
x̣iɫ qhiɫ might, used in sense of possibility of any kind
ɫ ɫ connective
ɫuw'ɛ ɫu'we that near third person or remote
ɫɔqʷ ɫoqw and also
həɫ general connective
Nouns

a

apótar apotar apostle
apls apls apple
anš ansh angel
asqʷ asqw son
ačačn-áɫqʷ achachn-aɫqw juniper
ay'x̣ a'yqh crayfish
y'-alstq 'y-alstq summer
aɫdárɛnč aɫdarench month, sun
aɫq'íc'ɛnč aɫq'its'ench snake
aɫq'ʷɛ́t'ut aɫq'wet'ut Plummer (place name)

ɛ/e

ɛiji'p eiji'p Egypt
ɛtx̣ʷɛʔ etqhwe' camas
ačs-ɛt'qət achs-et'qt day time
ɛsčíčɛʔ eschiche' horse, pet, domestic animal
ɛɫʕʷɛc' eɫ(wets' magpie

i

iʔi i'i turtledove
i'k'ʷul i'k'wul fish roe
ɛʔíxʷɛʔ e'ikhwe' mother's sister (dim.)
ilč ilch kinnikinnick berry

u, ɔ/o

čs-ups chs-ups tail
usɛʔ use' egg
č'iy'-úkʷɛʔ ch'i'y-ukwe' w.s. younger brother
bu·lə· bu·l· bull
s-payóləmš s-payolmsh Spanish
s-pápx̣-ɫc'ɛʔ s-papqh-ɫts'e' ermine
patáq pataq potato
pɛ́wpuʔəš pewpu'sh tin oil can
s-pɛ́tɛp s-petep small gopher
pɛcčəlɛ petschle leaf, cabbage
pɛkut pekut skin, hide
pɛxpəxʷ pekhpkhw pekhpkhw
pípɛʔ pipe' father
piwyɛ piwye camas of Nez Perce country
s-pintč s-pintch year
pícɛʔ pitse' root digger
s-píčs-mən s-pichs-mn pestle
s-pílɛm s-pilem level land
ic-puʔs its-pu's desire, heart
s-pum s-pum fur, feathers (on animal)
s-puɫt s-puɫt feathers (loose)
pul'yɛ pu'lye gopher
pulyahal' pulyaha'l mole
s-pɔtc s-potts scab, sore, excrement
pól-pɔlq-ən pol-polq-n thimbleberry
s-pət'áswɛl s-pt'aswel trout
s-pətw'ínuxʷ s-pt'winukhw head of a nest, brood, house-hold
s-pəsáiyɛ s-psaiye folly, error
pus pus cat
púsɛʔ puse' father's brother

p'

s-p'an'x̣ s-p'a'nqh woven bag
s-p'árk' w-alqs s-p'ark' turtle, pulley
p'ɛsta p'esta snipe
p'ɛstɛʔ p'este' nighthawk
p'ɛč'ən' p'ech''n lynx
p'ɛ́kʷleʔ p'ekwle' ball
s-p'ɛ́xʷ-ɛnč s-p'ekhw-ench hog fennel root
s-p'ít'ɛm s-p'it'em bitterroot
s-p'í-ɫc'ɛʔ s-p'i-ɫts'e' elk

m

matus matus camas (piwyɛ) mush
masmɛs masmes a plant which smells awful when boiling
mác'-uɫt mats'-uɫt pus
mac'p mats'p bee, wasp
s-max̣íʔčn' s-maqhi'ch'n grizzly bear
malqɛnúps malqenups golden eagle
s-málq-ən s-malq-n cooked black moss
mimš mimsh box
mit'č'ɛdɛʔ mit'ch'ede' blood
mináčalqs minachalqs buzzard
s-míy'ɛm s-mi'yem woman, wife
mul mul butter
hən-múlšenč hn-mulshench beaver
s-mul'-mən s-mu'l-mn war spear
muh muh cow
mót'us mot'us kidney
ɛ-sən-məsməs-íw'ɛs e-sn-msms-i'wes yew-wood, heart of yew, bow-wood
s-məyíw s-myiw coyote
s-məɫíč s-mɫich salmon
s-m'ɛʔm'ín'ɛp s-'me'mi'nep toad
m'ɛl'ɛ 'me'le bait
s-m'-m'úcšən' s-'m-'mutssh'n female animal, mare
s-waʔítn' s-wa'it'n spring of water
wáx̣-iɫp waqh-iɫp dogwood

w, w'

warč warch frog
wɛʔwiʔíč we'wi'ich whippoorwill
wɛsx̣ax̣ wesqhaqh robin
wɛhíma' wehima' Nez Perce people and country
s-wiwaláqən s-wiwalaqn Whispering-in-branches (place-name)
wišúʔus wishu'us black-tailed deer
wɔptú woptu potatoes that grow in Yakima and Nez Perce country
wəlwəlím wlwlim money, valuables
s-w'aʔ s-'wa' cougar
w'əlw'əl'ím 'w'lw'lim iron, knife

d

dɛ́ščɛgʷɛ deshchegwe husband's brother, sister's husband
dɛɫ-ɛɫp deɫ-eɫp poplar
də-dɛ́l'dəl' d-de'ld'l bush (dim.)
dɛ́l'-əɫp de'l-ɫp willow tree
č-dɛl'-díl'p ch-de'l-di'lp bat, chickenhawk
s-dílu s-dilu switch
dupən dupn lasso
dúmcən dumtsn relative-friend
dúɫduɫp duɫduɫp trees of the poplar family
dəmínɛʔ dmine' nest

t

s-tax̣-tɛ́x̣-al'čt s-taqh-teqh-a'lcht doll
tətaqʷ ttaqw gulch, hollow
s-tarɛ́q-šən s-tareq-shn mudhen
s-tɛm-ílgʷɛs s-tem-ilgwes relative
sən-tɛʔúləmš sn-te'ulmsh Spokane
s-tɛ́pax̣ʷ s-tepaqhw saliva
s-č-tɛm'p s-ch-te'mp cloud
s-təɫəm s-tɫm boat
s-tiʔ s-ti' thing
s-tim' s-ti'm what, something
tiwun-ɫcɛ tiwun-ɫtse doe
tíwɛmən tiwemn plaything of tallow (tiw indulge)
tinč tinch sinew, muscle
s-tičcsxʷ s-tichtsskhw red willowberry (?)(colloquial translation)
tikʷɛʔ tikwe' father's sister
tixʷcč tikhwtsch tongue
túpɛn' tupe'n spider
təm tm corpse, dead
s-tum'š s-tu'msh friend (used by Coyote and Fox only)
tunš tunsh m.s. sister's child, brother's child
tɔt tot pet animal
təmól'x̣ tmo'lqh hail
tətw'it tt'wit youth, young boy
s-tiyíč-šən s-tiyich-shn killdeer
tətm'ixʷ tt'mikhw animal
twiʔ twi' the poor thing!
tqəmíš tqmish snowbird (?)
tʕin t(in antelope

t'

t'aqt'íčn t'aqt'ichn game, kill
t'ət'aqʷín' t't'aqwi'n one of the snipes
s-t'árt'ariʔm s-t'art'ari'm thunder (perhaps his name)
t'ɛʔkʷílš t'e'kwilsh shaman
s-t'ɛdɛʔ s-t'ede' hay, grass, fodder
t'ɛdɛʔ t'ede' canoe
tɛ́č'təč' tech'tch' blackbird
s-t'iičəmíš s-t'iichmish Virgin Mary
s-t'tím-čɛʔ s-t'tim-che' daughter
t'ínɛʔ t'ine' outer ear
t'ic' t'its' gum
s-t'íy-ɛɫcɛʔ s-t'iy-eɫtse' caribou
t'úpyɛʔ t'upye' great grandfather
s-t'únɫc'ɛʔ s-t'unɫts'e' mule deer
t'us t'us marrow
č-t'uxʷɛ́ʔus ch-t'ukhwe'us fat around stomach of animal
t'uxʷɛn t'ukhwen jointgrass
s-t'ɔpqs s-t'opqs thread
an-t'əl'ánɛʔ an-t''lane' wolf
hən-t'ək'ʷ'-íʔsen hn-t'k'w-i'sen seed, pit
s-t'am'á s-t'a'ma (ltəmš) cow

n

nasx̣áʔax̣ nasqha'aqh m.s. father-in-law
naǰaró najaro scoundrel, rascal
naryɛ narye great great grandparent
nɛɫcíč nɛɫcíč m.s. mother-in-law
s-nínɛʔ s-nine' owl
s-nič'-ɫxʷ s-nich'-ɫkhw son-in-law (nič' cut; -lxʷ house)
núnɛʔ nune' mother
s-nɔs s-nos snot
nɔx̣nɔx̣ noqhnoqh spouse

s

sɛtč setch paunch
sanpiyɛr sanpiyer St. Peter
sanpɔl sanpol St. Paul
santiglis santiglis Holy Church
sáxʷ-ɫkʷɛʔ sakhw-ɫkwe' vein
sarkʷs sarkws pine-squirrel
sar'íčn' sa'rich'n squirrel
ač-sɛt'qət ach-set'qt time
hən-sɛč'-əntəs hn-sech'-nts river
sɛč'-ɛčt sech'-echt black moss (raw)
siʔstəm si'stm m.s. brother's wife, wife's sister
sípəm sipm daughter-in-law
sisíʔ sisi' brother's brother (dim.)
siw's si'ws groundhog, prairie dog
sit, sítkʷ sit, sitkw winter
sítqaps sitqaps spring season
sitč sitch belly
sincɛʔ sintse' m.s younger brother
sič' sich' ground squirrel
siyól-alqʷ siyol-alqw stick
sikʷɛʔ sikwe' water
silɛʔ sile' mother's father
suyɛ́pəmš suyepmsh white man
sut'ɛʔsút'ɛ sut'e'sut'e rubber
susən' sus'n spoon
suxʷ-ɛnɛy' sukhw-ene'y rice, ant
sɔltɛs soltes soldier

c/ts

s-cáʔaqʷ s-tsa'aqw fall, autumn
cánmən tsanmn Chinaman
s-caqəm s-tsaqm strawberry
cɛtxʷ tsetkhw house
hən-cáx̣ut hn-tsaqhut stream river
s-cíʔlɛɫ s-tsi'leɫ substitute
cišps tsishps fisher
cucyuʔ tsutsyu' firetongs
cəcíy'ɛʔ tstsi'ye' w.s. younger speaker
s-cumt s-tsumt going or coming soon
cuɫum tsuɫum buffalo
ɛ-cɔm'ɫxʷ e-tso'mɫkhw long house
ɛ-cɔm'ɫxʷ a-cəcɔqálipɛ red nits
ɛ-cəxʷ-cəxʷ-wəyípɛʔ e-tskhw-tskhw-wyipe' rosehips
s-cam' s-tsa'm bone, be bony

c'/ts'

c'án'c'ən' ts'a'nts''n grasshopper
c'áq'-ɛɫp ts'aq'-eɫp fir
c'ax̣yúʔc'ən ts'aqhyu'ts'n mink
c'álus ts'alus kingfisher
a-c'áʕʷlɛp a-ts'a(wlep punk
s-c'ɛw'-íɫšən' s-ts'e'w-iɫsh'n splinter-leg
c'ɛkukʷ ts'ekukw elderberry
hən-c'ɛlšalps hn-ts'elshalps hardtack (a "story" word)
c'iʔ ts'i' deer
s-c'išt s-ts'isht m.s wife's brother, sister's husband
c'íxʷc'əxʷ ts'ikhwts'khw fishhawk
s-c'úʔ-šən s-ts'u'-shn foot (of slaughtered animal)
s-c'óm'-c'ɔm'-ɫt s-ts'o'm-ts'o'm-ɫt boil
s-š-c'əs-lúsɛʔ s-sh-ts's-luse' hail

š/sh

šɛmɛn' sheme'n enemy
s-šɛt'ət s-shet't cubs
šɛt'ut shet'ut rock
s-šɛ́mpəm s-shempm dense fog
n-šɛ'gʷɛl n-she'gwel road
uhəs-šiʔmíš uhs-shi'mish my favorite
šiw't shi'wt rat
šəšiw't shshi'wt be daughter, girl

ǰ/j

ǰísu jisu Jesus
ǰisɔkri nico Jesus Christ
ǰɔn jon John

č/ch

čɛtulí chetuli Catholic
čɛ́lɛxʷ chelekhw muskrat
s-t-čɛ́lxəm s-t-chelkhm yellowhammer
s-čint s-chint person
s-t-č-čin'tus s-t-ch-chi'ntus pupil of eye
s-čícuʔəmš s-chitsu'msh Coeur d'Alene
s-čil s-chil game being tracked, quarry
t-čən-ítkupən t-chn-itkupn Englishman (King Georgeman)
čəčɛy'ɛʔ chche'ye w.s. mother's mother, daughter's child
čsups chsups tail

č'/ch'

s-č'aɛʔ-qín'-šən' s-ch'ae'-qi'n-sh'n knee, knuckle
s-č'ɛʔílup s-ch'e'ilup last living relative
č'ɛsən' ch'es'n louse
s-č'ɛxuxʷ s-ch'ekhukhw tuberculosis
č'ɛx-qən ch'ekh-qn helldiver
č'iʔ ch'i' antler, horn
ɛ-č'ímul e-ch'imul pine needles
s-č'im' s-ch'i'm unidentified animal
s-t-č'íh-ayus s-t-ch'ih-ayus dandelion
č'ulai ch'ulai July 4

y, y'

yax̣-yax̣-útšən yaqh-yaqh-utshn badger
yuxʷmús yukhwmus Cold
yóp-yɔp-ɛnɛʔ yop-yop-ene' man-eaters
yəlmíxəm ylmikhm chief
hən-y'ar'íp hn-'ya'rip rear of house
y'úkʷɛʔ 'yukwe' w.s. younger brother

gʷ, kʷ, k'ʷ/gw, kw, k'w

s-gʷárpɛm s-gwarpem flower
s-kum-kum-íwutšən s-kum-kum-iwutsh rainbow
s-kʷɛs-kʷɛs s-kwes-kwes chicken, pheasant
s-k'us-əsčɛʔ s-k'us-sche' ghost
s-t-k'ʷáy's-alqʷ s-t-k'wa'ys-alqw cedar tree
k'ʷɛpt k'wept spine, backbone
s-k'u-k'ʷɛ́l' s-k'u-k'we'l porcupine
s-k'ʷət'-kʷít'-ups s-k'wt'-kwit'-ups flea
k'ʷít'ɛn' k'wit'e'n mouse
s-k'u-k'ʷət-il't s-k'u-k'wt-i'lt fawn

xʷ/khw

s-xúʔn-ɛč s-khu'n-ech thornberry
s-xʷáyapaqən s-khwayapaqn red willow
xʷɛm-ɛ́čt khwem-echt woodpecker
xʷɛlɛʔ khwele' meadowlark
xʷɛʕʷ khwe(w bear intestines
s-xʷít'-ɛčn' s-khwit'-ech'n dentalium
s-xʷutiʔ s-khwuti' goat
xʷəc'út khwts'ut Rocky Mountains
s-xʷəlíkʷ s-khwlikw whirlwind
s-xʷəl-ótqən s-khwl-otqn Jack Rabbit
s-xu-xʷóm'-qən' s-khu-khwo'm-q'n spoon of antler
s-xu-xʷól-qən' s-khu-khwol-q'n spearhead of antler

q

sən-qɛm-íl'tups sn-qem-i'ltups dung (Coyote's powers)
qɛyíʔus qeyi'us Cayuse
qɛləspílɛm qelspilem Kalispelm country
qɛlpyɛ qelpye black swan
s-qɛl'sí s-qe'lsi Kutenai
qinɛʔ qine' father's mother
qicč qitsch older brother
s-qiqʷc s-qiqwts wild potato (?) (grows in water)
qíxʷəlš qikhwlsh fish
qiltč qiltch flesh, meat
qil'təmxʷ qi'ltmkhw man, husband
ɛ-qu-qul'iʔt e-qu-qu'li't balsam fir

q'

s-q'ɛp-q'ɛp-ínɛʔ s-q'ep-q'ep-ine' sand
čat-q'ɛ́l-ɛy' chat-q'el-e'y lake (Chatcolet)
s-q'ɛl-íw'ɛs-šən s-q'el-i'wes-shn snowshoes
s-q'ɛl'-ɛps s-q'e'l-eps horse collar, necklace
s-q'ɛ́h-q'ɛh s-q'eh-q'eh small red chickenhawk
q'ip'xʷɛʔ q'ip'khwe' walnut
q'u-q'əm'íw'ɛs q'u-q''mi'wes colt
q'uc'wíyɛʔ q'uts'wiye' chipmunk
q'uyɛʔ q'uye' name of Coyote's powers
q'ɔm-qən q'om-qn (or k'ɔmqən) head

x̣/qh

x̣ɛʔúləmxʷ qhe'ulmkhw rattlesnake
x̣ɛ́lɛxʷ qhelekhw tooth
x̣ɛlíqʷɛʔ qheliqwe' dried salmon roe
x̣ípɛʔ qhipe' father's father, son's child
s-x̣ít'-əmšən s-qhit'-mshn leggings, trousers
s-x̣íy-ɛʔst s-qhiy-e'st cooking stones

qʷ/qw

s-qʷán-ɫkʷɛʔɛp s-qwan-ɫkwe'ep empty receptacle
s-qʷás-qʷasɛʔ s-qwas-qwase' child
s-qʷɛy-uʔ s-qwey-u' grape
s-qʷím'-us s-qwi'm-us woodtick
s-qʷíc-əmš s-qwits-msh cottontail
qʷílɛm' qwile'm song
qʷəlíwəl'š qwliw'lsh onion

q'ʷ/q'w

q'ʷɛsu q'wesu bunch
s-q'ʷɛq'ʷ-alqʷ s-q'weq'w-alqw prairie grouse
sən-q'ʷədɛʔúsšən sn-q'wde'usshn root
s-t-q'ʷəsúm' s-t-q'wsu'm weasel
q'ʷuc'wiyɛʔ q'wuts'wiye' chipmunk

x̣ʷ/qhw

s-x̣uʔxʷ s-qhu'khw steam, vapor
s-x̣úsəm s-qhusm soapberry
x̣ʷát-x̣ʷat qhwat-qhwat duck
x̣ʷəɫ-x̣ʷáɫ qhwɫ-qhwaɫ Rocky Mt. sheep
s-x̣ʷal-ísčən s-qhwal-ischn buck (deer)
s-x̣ʷɛ́ʕʷ-x̣ʷɛʕʷ s-qhwe(w-qhwe(w fox

l

lawan lawan oats
láx̣ʷ-ləxʷ laqhw-lkhw cherry
s-lɛw'ínɛč s-le'winech crickets
lɛbotɛm lebotem bottle
lɛswip leswip Jew
ləsapɔt lsapot apostles
lup'ay' lup'a'y basket
lətkú ltku otter
ləkapí lkapi coffee
ləqɔsó lqoso pig

ɫ, l'

hən-ɫámqɛʔ hn-ɫamqe' black bear
s-č-ɫɛmt s-ch-ɫemt light fog, dew
s-č-ɫus-mən s-ch-ɫus-mn eye
s-ɫəxʷ-čt s-ɫkhw-cht glove
ɫəčíp ɫchip bucket
l'əl'əpót 'l'lpot cup
l'ɛl'əq'ʷəl'š 'le'lq'w'lsh ripples

ʕ, ʕʷ/(, (w

s-ʕin s-(in catbird
s-ʕíhɛnt s-(ihent goose
s-ʕʷɛ́l-gəl s-(wel-gl fishnet, bagnet

h

háy-aqs hay-aqs pearl
hamɛɫtəmš hameɫtmsh fly, insect, maggot
hən-halacɛ́ hn-halatse (or cín) raspberry
hɛmɛʔ heme' French